Nanobodies against African swine fever virus p72 and CD2v proteins as reagents for developing two cELISAs to detect viral antibodies.

African swine fever virus (ASFV) poses a significant threat to the global swine industry. Currently, there are no effective vaccines or treatments available to combat ASFV infection in pigs. The primary means of controlling the spread of the disease is through rapid detection and subsequent elimination of infected pig. Recently, a lower virulent ASFV isolate with a deleted EP402R gene (CD2v-deleted) has been reported in China, which further complicates the control of ASFV infection in pig farms. Furthermore, an EP402R-deleted ASFV variant has been developed as a potential live attenuated vaccine candidate strain. Therefore, it is crucial to develop detection methods that can distinguish wild-type and EP402R-deleted ASFV infections. In this study, two recombinant ASFV-p72 and -CD2v proteins were expressed using a prokaryotic system and used to immunize Bactrian camels. Subsequently, eight nanobodies against ASFV-p72 and ten nanobodies against ASFV-CD2v were screened. Following the production of these nanobodies with horse radish peroxidase (HRP) fusion proteins, the ASFV-p72-Nb2-HRP and ASFV-CD2v-Nb22-HRP fusions were selected for the development of two competitive ELISAs (cELISAs) to detect anti-ASFV antibodies. The two cELISAs exhibited high sensitivity, good specificity, repeatability, and stability. The coincidence rate between the two cELISAs and commercial ELISA kits was 98.6% and 97.6%, respectively. Collectively, the two cELISA for detecting antibodies against ASFV demonstrated ease of operation, a low cost, and a simple production process. The two cELISAs could determine whether pigs were infected with wild-type or CD2v-deleted ASFV, and could play an important role in monitoring ASFV infections in pig farms.

AutoFocus: AI-driven alignment of nanofocusing X-ray mirror systems.

We describe the application of an AI-driven system to autonomously align complex x-ray-focusing mirror systems, including mirrors systems with variable focus spot sizes. The system has been developed and studied on a digital twin of nanofocusing X-ray beamlines, built using advanced optical simulation tools calibrated with wavefront sensing data collected at the beamline.We experimentally demonstrated that the system is reliably capable of positioning a focused beam on the sample, both by simulating the variation of a beamline with random perturbations due to typical changes in the light source and optical elements over time, and by conducting similar tests on an actual focusing mirror system.

Unveiling the ecological significance of phosphorus fractions in shaping bacterial and archaeal beta diversity in mesotrophic lakes.

Both community variation and phosphorus (P) fractions have been extensively studied in aquatic ecosystems, but how P fractions affect the mechanism underlying microbial beta diversity remains elusive, especially in sediment cores. Here, we obtained two sediment cores to examine bacterial and archaeal beta diversity from mesotrophic lakes Hongfeng Lake and Aha Lake, having historically experienced severe eutrophication. Utilizing the Baselga's framework, we partitioned bacterial and archaeal total beta diversity into two components: species turnover and nestedness, and then examined their sediment-depth patterns and the effects of P fractions on them. We found that total beta diversity, species turnover or nestedness consistently increased with deeper sediment layers regarding bacteria and archaea. Notably, there were parallel patterns between bacteria and archaea for total beta diversity and species turnover, which is largely underlain by equivalent processes such as environmental selection. For both microbial taxa, total beta diversity and species turnover were primarily constrained by metal oxide-bound inorganic P (NaOH-Pi) and sediment total phosphorus (STP) in Hongfeng Lake, while largely affected by reductant-soluble total P or calcium-bound inorganic P in Aha Lake. Moreover, NaOH-Pi and STP could influence bacterial total beta diversity by driving species nestedness in Hongfeng Lake. The joint effects of organic P (Po), inorganic P (Pi) and total P fractions indicated that P fractions are important to bacterial and archaeal beta diversity. Compared to Po fractions, Pi fractions had greater pure effects on bacterial beta diversity. Intriguingly, for total beta diversity and species turnover, archaea rather than bacteria are well-explained by Po fractions in both lakes, implying that the archaeal community may be involved in Po mineralization. Overall, our study reveals the importance of P fractions to the mechanism underlying bacterial and archaeal beta diversity in sediments, and provides theoretical underpinnings for controlling P sources in biodiversity conservation.

Additive Manufacturing for Bioinspired Structures: Experimental Study to Improve the Multimaterial Adhesion Between Soft and Stiff Materials.

The fabrication of bioinspired structures has recently gained an increasing popularity: mimicking the way in which nature develops structures is a vital prerequisite in soft robotics to achieve multiple benefits. Stiff structures connected by soft joints (recalling, for instance, human bones connected by cartilage) are highly appealing: several prototypes have been manufactured and tested, demonstrating their full potential. In the present research, the material extrusion (MEX) additive manufacturing technology has been used to manufacture stiff-soft bioinspired structures activated by shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators. First, three commercially available stiff composite plastic materials were investigated and linked to different 3D printing infills. Surprisingly, we found that the "gyroid" infill was correlated to the mechanical properties, demonstrating that it produces better results in terms of Young's modulus and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) than the widely studied "lines" infill. The primary focus of the research is an experimental study aimed at improving the adhesion at the interface between stiff and soft materials using an inexpensive method (i.e., MEX). Three different variables that have significant effects on the interface bonding were studied: (1) the interface geometry between stiff and soft parts, (2) the mesh overlapping process parameter, and (3) the annealing post-treatment. By optimizing the three variables, a Young's modulus of 48.8 MPa and a UTS of 3.8 MPa were achieved, when nylon+glass fiber (a stiff material) and thermoplastic polyurethane (a soft material) were 3D printed together. In particular, the 3.8 MPa UTS is 48% higher than the highest adhesion between the soft and stiff material (thermoplastic polyurethane [TPU] and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) reported in literature. Finally, taking advantage of the improved stiff-soft adhesion, a bioinspired robotic finger has been fabricated and tested using an SMA actuator, showing an enormous potential for the proposed additive manufacturing approach in realizing bioinspired systems.

Taxonomic dependency of beta diversity for bacteria, archaea, and fungi in a semi-arid lake.

Microbial beta diversity has been recently studied along the water depth in aquatic ecosystems, however its turnover and nestedness components remain elusive especially for multiple taxonomic groups. Based on the beta diversity partitioning developed by Baselga and Local Contributions to Beta Diversity (LCBD) partitioning by Legendre, we examined the water-depth variations in beta diversity components of bacteria, archaea and fungi in surface sediments of Hulun Lake, a semi-arid lake in northern China, and further explored the relative importance of environmental drivers underlying their patterns. We found that the relative abundances of Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Euryarchaeota, and Rozellomycota increased toward deep water, while Acidobacteria, Parvarchaeota, and Chytridiomycota decreased. For bacteria and archaea, there were significant (p < 0.05) decreasing water-depth patterns for LCBD and LCBDRepl (i.e., species replacement), while increasing patterns for total beta diversity and turnover, implying that total beta diversity and LCBD were dominated by species turnover or LCBDRepl. Further, bacteria showed a strong correlation with archaea regarding LCBD, total beta diversity and turnover. Such parallel patterns among bacteria and archaea were underpinned by similar ecological processes like environmental selection. Total beta diversity and turnover were largely affected by sediment total nitrogen, while LCBD and LCBDRepl were mainly constrained by water NO2 --N and NO3 --N. For fungal community variation, no significant patterns were observed, which may be due to different drivers like water nitrogen or phosphorus. Taken together, our findings provide compelling evidences for disentangling the underlying mechanisms of community variation in multiple aquatic microbial taxonomic groups.

Effect of dissolved organic matter and its fractions on disinfection by-products formation upon karst surface water.

In this study, disinfection by-products (DBP) formation from dissolved organic matter (DOM) and its fractions, including both hydrophilic and hydrophobic components, were investigated at a typical karst surface water. The subsequent DBP formation potential was evaluated by deducing chemical characteristics of DOM fractions and representative algal organic matter (Chlorella sp. AOM) under the influence of divalent ions (Ca2+ and Mg2+) via spectra analysis. Both terrigenous and autochthonous DOM performed as critical DBP precursors, and DBP formation patterns were tightly correlated to organic matter chemical variations. DBP formation was significantly higher in drought period compared to that in wet period (P < 0.05). Particularly, trichloromethane (TCM) and dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) showed distinct formation patterns compared to the scenarios in non-karst water. For DOM fractions, hydrophobic components showed higher DBP formation compared to hydrophilic counterparts, hydrophilic neutral enriched more reactive organic nitrogen for N-DBPs production. It was preferable to enrich humic-like substances after Ca2+ and Mg2+complexation in Chlorella sp. AOM, TCM formation increased whereas DCAN production remained unchanged in the presence of divalent ions. This study innovatively provided a linkage between chemical characteristics of DOM and understanding of DBP formation in karst surface water.

Polyimide aerogels for ballistic impact protection.

The ballistic performance of edge-clamped monolithic polyimide aerogel blocks (12 mm thickness) has been studied through a series of impact tests using a helium-filled gas gun connected to a vacuum chamber and a spherical steel projectile (approximately 3 mm diameter) with an impact velocity range of 150-1300 m s-1. The aerogels had an average bulk density of 0.17 g cm-3 with high porosity of approximately 88%. The ballistic limit velocity of the aerogels was estimated to be in the range of 175-179 m s-1. Moreover, the aerogels showed a robust ballistic energy absorption performance (e.g., at the impact velocity of 1283 m s-1 at least 18% of the impact energy was absorbed). At low impact velocities, the aerogels failed by ductile hole enlargement followed by a tensile failure. By contrast, at high impact velocities, the aerogels failed through an adiabatic shearing process. Given the substantially robust ballistic performance, the polyimide aerogels have a potential to combat multiple constraints such as cost, weight, and volume restrictions in aeronautical and aerospace applications with high blast resistance and ballistic performance requirements such as in stuffed Whipple shields for orbital debris containment application.

Spatial Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in the Soil-Vegetation System of a Red Mud Slag Yard, SW China.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the distribution pattern, pollution status and potential ecological risk of Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, As, Cd, Sb, and Pb in soils and dominant plants around an abandoned red mud (RM) slag yard in Southwestern China. Soils exhibited representative enrichment and combination characteristics of these metals compared to the background values, ascribed to the leaching of long-term acid rain on the RM dump. The soil was moderately to severely polluted with As and Sb. Cd also posed a moderate ecological risk. Asteraceae species predominated in the RM slag yard, followed by Coriaria sinica and Robinia pseudoacacia. No plants were identified as hyperaccumulators because of low bioconcentration values, whereas Cosmos bipinnata can act as a potential phytostabilizer of heavy metals based on the translocation factor. The results provided effective decision support for reducing heavy metal pollution by phytoremediation RM stacking fields.

A common strategy to improve transmembrane transport in polarized epithelial cells based on sorting signals: Guiding nanocarriers to TGN rather than to the basolateral plasma membrane directly.

The intestinal barrier has always been the rate-limiting step in the oral administration process. To overcome the intestinal barrier, researchers have widely adopted nanocarriers, especially active-targeting nanocarriers strategies. However, most of these strategies focus on the ligand decoration of nanocarriers targeting specific receptors, so their applications are confined to specific receptors or specific cell types. In this study, we tried to investigate more common strategies in the field of transmembrane transport enhancement. Trans-Golgi network (TGN) is the sorting center of biosynthetic route which could achieve polarized localization of proteins in polarized epithelial cells, and the basolateral plasma membrane is where all transcytotic cargos have to pass through. Thus, it is expected that guiding nanocarriers to TGN or basolateral plasma membrane may improve the transcytosis. Hence, we choose sorting signal peptide to modify micelles to guide micelles to TGN (named as BAC decorated micelles, BAC-M) or to basolateral plasma membrane (named as STX decorated micelles, STX-M). By incorporating coumarin-6 (C6) or Cy5-PEG-PCL in the micelles to indicate the behavior of micelles, the effects of these two strategies on the transcytosis were investigated. To our surprise, BAC-M and STX-M behaved quite differently when crossing biological barriers. BAC-M showed significant superiority in colocalization with TGN, transmembrane transport and even in vivo absorption, while STX-M had no significant difference from blank micelles. Further investigation revealed that the strategy of directly guiding nanocarriers to the basolateral plasma membrane (STX-M) only caused the stack of vesicles near the basolateral plasma membrane. So, we concluded that guiding nanocarriers to TGN which related to secretion may contribute to the transmembrane transport. This common strategy based on the physiological function of TGN in polarized epithelial cells will have broad application prospects in overcoming biological barrier.

Sources and selective preservation of organic matter in the karst watershed: evidence from sediment records in a plateau deep lake, Southwestern China.

Human activities have greatly altered terrestrial carbon (C) dynamics associated with vegetation cover and land use changes, thereby influencing the C sink in downstream ecosystems. However, the transport and preservation of organic C from soils that experience serious erosion in the karst area are scarce, particularly at catchment scales. In this study, chemical characteristics of organic matter (OM) isolated from the topsoil, overlying water, and lake sediments, as well as subsequent source identification, were inferred from the molecular, spectroscopic, and carbon isotopic (δ13C) signatures in a typical karst catchment, Southwestern China. The results indicated that the elemental compositions of the calcareous soil and paddy soil significantly differed from the yellow soil. High similarities existed in the fluorescence spectra of humic substances (HS) extracted from the front two soil types with those of lake sediments, indicating the homogeneous nature of OM molecular structure. The C/N ratios of six dissolved OM fractions and sedimentary HS along with δ13C values consistently reflected the primary terrestrial source. It was estimated to account for 60% of total organic C in sedimentary OM by end-member mixing modeling in accordance with soil erosion intensity and large recharge coefficient of this catchment. The evolution of soil loss and lake productivity can be well deduced from sediment records of organic C content, C/N ratio, and the specific information of HS. This research highlighted that the composition, source, and fate of OM in the karst lake was mainly dominated by the terrestrial C flux, rather than in-lake production. Furthermore, soil type and erosion intensity have significant effects on the nature of eroded OM and ultimate preservation.

Archimedean lattices emerge in template-directed eutectic solidification.

Template-directed assembly has been shown to yield a broad diversity of highly ordered mesostructures1,2, which in a few cases exhibit symmetries not present in the native material3-5. However, this technique has not yet been applied to eutectic materials, which underpin many modern technologies ranging from high-performance turbine blades to solder alloys. Here we use directional solidification of a simple AgCl-KCl lamellar eutectic material within a pillar template to show that interactions of the material with the template lead to the emergence of a set of microstructures that are distinct from the eutectic's native lamellar structure and the template's hexagonal lattice structure. By modifying the solidification rate of this material-template system, trefoil, quatrefoil, cinquefoil and hexafoil mesostructures with submicrometre-size features are realized. Phase-field simulations suggest that these mesostructures appear owing to constraints imposed on diffusion by the hexagonally arrayed pillar template. We note that the trefoil and hexafoil patterns resemble Archimedean honeycomb and square-hexagonal-dodecagonal lattices6, respectively. We also find that by using monolayer colloidal crystals as templates, a variety of eutectic mesostructures including trefoil and hexafoil are observed, the former resembling the Archimedean kagome lattice. Potential emerging applications for the structures provided by templated eutectics include non-reciprocal metasurfaces7, magnetic spin-ice systems8,9, and micro- and nano-lattices with enhanced mechanical properties10,11.

Pretreatment method for the analysis of phosphate oxygen isotope (δ18OP) of different phosphorus fractions in freshwater sediments.

Accurate measurement of the oxygen isotopic composition of dissolved phosphate (δ18OP) of different phosphorus (P) fractions in lacustrine sediments is very difficult because of the influence of large amounts of impurities. In this study, we developed a five-step method for obtaining high purity Ag3PO4 sample for the analysis of δ18OP of different P fractions in freshwater sediments. Sedimentary P was divided into NaHCO3-P, NaOH-P and HCl-P by chemical sequential extraction. Pretreatment procedures for different sedimentary P fractions were improved in the following respects: 1) abandonment of the magnesium-induced coprecipitation method to avoid the introduction of impurity ions, such as Mg2+ and Cl-, and reduce the loss of P; 2) use of a small amount of non-phosphate activated carbon powder to efficiently remove organic matter in extracts of NaHCO3-P and NaOH-P, and reduce the loss of P; 3) adjustment of the HCl-P extract pH to 4 in order to form Fe(OH)3-PO43- coprecipitate, thereby removing most of metals and Cl-. This method reduces the pretreatment steps, simplifies the operation and increases the recovery of phosphate (90.98%-96.69%). The high purity Ag3PO4 sample can be obtained and the repeatability and accuracy of measured δ18OP is better than 0.3‰, demonstrating high reliability and accuracy. This new method was used to analyze the δ18OP of different P fractions in sediments of a eutrophic lake in southwestern China. The preliminary results indicated that the δ18OP in the sediments can be used to identify different P sources, and provide new insights into sedimentary P cycling. The method established in this study provides a powerful tool for investigating the sources and biogeochemical cycle of P in freshwater sediments.

High Volumetric and Gravimetric Capacity Electrodeposited Mesostructured Sb2 O3 Sodium Ion Battery Anodes.

Sodium ion batteries (SIBs) are considered promising alternatives to lithium ion batteries for grid-scale and other energy storage applications because of the broad geographical distribution and low cost of sodium relative to lithium. Here, fabrication and characterization of high gravimetric and volumetric capacity 3D Ni-supported Sb2 O3 anodes for SIBs are presented. The electrodes are prepared by colloidal templating and pulsed electrodeposition followed by heat treatment. The colloidal template is optimized to provide large pore interconnects in the 3D scaffold to enable a high active materials loading and accommodate a large volume expansion during cycling. An electrodeposited loading of 1.1 g cm-3 is chosen to enable a combined high gravimetric and volumetric capacity. At this loading, the electrodes exhibit a specific capacity of ≈445 mA h g-1 and a volumetric capacity of ≈488 mA h cm-3 with a capacity retention of 89% after 200 cycles at 200 mA g-1 . The stable cycling performance can be attributed to the 3D metal scaffold, which supports active materials undergoing large volume changes, and an initial heat treatment appears to improve the adhesion of the Sb2 O3 to the metal scaffold.

Performance of physical and chemical methods in the co-reduction of internal phosphorus and nitrogen loading from the sediment of a black odorous river.

The continuous release of nutrients from sediment is a major barrier to the remediation of black odorous rivers. This study used a long-term laboratory incubation experiment to investigate the effectiveness of sediment dredging, intermittent aeration, and in situ inactivation with modified clays to reduce the internal loading of sediment from a seriously polluted river. The results indicated that intermittent aeration and in situ inactivation were effective in reducing the TN and NH4+ concentrations in the water column. However, sediment dredging did not consistently reduce the TN and NH4+ concentrations in the water column. In contrast, the three methods were all effective in controlling the TP and PO43- concentrations in the water column. Except for dredging, >30% of NH4+ and 40% of PO43- fluxes from sediment were reduced when compared with a control sample after 120 days of remediation. Dredging induced a significant release of NH4+ from sediment. Dredging and aeration made nearly no change to the amount of extractable nitrogen in the sediment. However, inactivation may increase sediment-extractable ammonium in deep sediment layers with time due to vertical transportation of clay by intensive bioturbation. Dredging is the most effective way to reduce surface mobile phosphorus over time while the transported clays can reduce a large percentage of the mobile phosphorus in deeper sediment. The relative abundance of Nitrospira in the surface sediment increased significantly with each remediation measure, creating favorable conditions for the reduction of the ammonium released from sediment. Altogether, the results of this study indicated that clay inactivation is the best method for controlling the internal loading of both phosphorus and nitrogen in seriously polluted river sediment.

High strength metallic wood from nanostructured nickel inverse opal materials.

This paper describes a nickel-based cellular material, which has the strength of titanium and the density of water. The material's strength arises from size-dependent strengthening of load-bearing nickel struts whose diameter is as small as 17 nm and whose 8 GPa yield strength exceeds that of bulk nickel by up to 4X. The mechanical properties of this material can be controlled by varying the nanometer-scale geometry, with strength varying over the range 90-880 MPa, modulus varying over the range 14-116 GPa, and density varying over the range 880-14500 kg/m3. We refer to this material as a "metallic wood," because it has the high mechanical strength and chemical stability of metal, as well as a density close to that of natural materials such as wood.

High energy flexible supercapacitors formed via bottom-up infilling of gel electrolytes into thick porous electrodes.

Formation of thick, high energy density, flexible solid supercapacitors is challenging because of difficulties infilling gel electrolytes into porous electrodes. Incomplete infilling results in a low capacitance and poor mechanical properties. Here we report a bottom-up infilling method to overcome these challenges. Electrodes up to 500 µm thick, formed from multi-walled carbon nanotubes and a composite of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polystyrene sulfonate and multi-walled carbon nanotubes are successfully infilled with a polyvinyl alcohol/phosphoric acid gel electrolyte. The exceptional mechanical properties of the multi-walled carbon nanotube-based electrode enable it to be rolled into a radius of curvature as small as 0.5 mm without cracking and retain 95% of its initial capacitance after 5000 bending cycles. The areal capacitance of our 500 µm thick poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polystyrene sulfonate, multi-walled carbon nanotube-based flexible solid supercapacitor is 2662 mF cm-2 at 2 mV s-1, at least five times greater than current flexible supercapacitors.

Characteristics of phosphorus components in surface sediments from a Chinese shallow eutrophic lake (Lake Taihu): new insights from chemical extraction and 31P NMR spectroscopy.

As a primary factor responsible for lake eutrophication, a deeper understanding of the phosphorus (P) composition and its turnover in sediment is urgently needed. In this study, P species in surface sediments from a Chinese large eutrophic lake (Lake Taihu) were characterized by traditional fractionation and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and their contributions to the overlying water were also discussed. Fractionation results show that NaOH-P predominated in the algal-dominated zone, accounting for 60.1% to total P in Zhushan Bay. Whereas, refractory fractions including HCl-P and residual-P were the main P burial phases in the macrophyte-dominated zone, the center and lakeshore. Recovery rates of the total P and organic P were greatly improved by using a modified single-step extraction of NaOH-EDTA, ranging from 22.6 to 66.1% and from 15.0 to 54.0%. Ortho-P, monoester-P, and pyro-P are identified as the major P components in the NaOH-EDTA extracts by 31P NMR analysis. Trace amount of DNA-P appeared only in sediments from algal- and macrophyte-dominated zones, ascribing to its biological origin. The relative content of ortho-P is the highest in the algal-dominated zone, while the biogenic P including ester-P and pyro-P is the highest in the macrophyte-dominated zone. Moreover, ortho-P and pyro-P correlated positively with TP and chlorophyll a in the overlying water, whereas only significant relationships were found between monoester-P, biogenic P, and chlorophyll a. These discrepancies imply that inorganic P, mainly ortho-P, plays a vital role in sustaining the trophic level of water body and algal bloom, while biogenic P makes a minor contribution to phytoplankton growth. This conclusion was supported by the results of high proportion of biogenic P in algae, aquatic macrophytes, and suspended particulate from the published literature. This study has significant implication for better understanding of the biogeochemical cycling of endogenous P and its role in affecting lake eutrophication.

Electrodeposited high strength, thermally stable spectrally selective rhenium nickel inverse opals.

Rhenium-Nickel (RexNi100-x) based 3D metallic inverse opals (IOs) were realized via colloidal crystal templated electrodeposition from an aqueous electrolyte. By varying the electrodeposition parameters, x could be varied from 0 to 88. Under reducing conditions, the rhenium-rich IOs were structurally stable to temperatures of at least 1000 °C for 5 h and for at least 12 h after coating with a thin layer of Al2O3. This demonstrated level of thermal stability is significantly improved compared to previously reported electrodeposited refractory inverse opals with similar characteristic dimensions. A strong frequency dependence in the optical reflection, which ranged from ∼5% around 1.5 µm to ∼65% around 5 µm, is predicted by simulations and experimentally observed, indicating the potential of this structure as a high temperature spectrally selective optical absorber/emitter. The elastic modulus of the ReNi IO structure is ∼35 GPa and the hardness is ∼0.8 GPa. Both these properties are much higher than those of Ni inverse opals and other periodically porous materials with similar characteristic pore dimensions. We suggest this work provides a promising approach for thermally stable mesostructured materials for high temperature catalyst supports, refractory photonics and mechanical applications including high temperature filtration, and high temperature actuators.

Holographic patterning of high-performance on-chip 3D lithium-ion microbatteries.

As sensors, wireless communication devices, personal health monitoring systems, and autonomous microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) become distributed and smaller, there is an increasing demand for miniaturized integrated power sources. Although thin-film batteries are well-suited for on-chip integration, their energy and power per unit area are limited. Three-dimensional electrode designs have potential to offer much greater power and energy per unit area; however, efforts to date to realize 3D microbatteries have led to prototypes with solid electrodes (and therefore low power) or mesostructured electrodes not compatible with manufacturing or on-chip integration. Here, we demonstrate an on-chip compatible method to fabricate high energy density (6.5 µWh cm(-2)⋅µm(-1)) 3D mesostructured Li-ion microbatteries based on LiMnO2 cathodes, and NiSn anodes that possess supercapacitor-like power (3,600 µW cm(-2)⋅µm(-1) peak). The mesostructured electrodes are fabricated by combining 3D holographic lithography with conventional photolithography, enabling deterministic control of both the internal electrode mesostructure and the spatial distribution of the electrodes on the substrate. The resultant full cells exhibit impressive performances, for example a conventional light-emitting diode (LED) is driven with a 500-µA peak current (600-C discharge) from a 10-µm-thick microbattery with an area of 4 mm(2) for 200 cycles with only 12% capacity fade. A combined experimental and modeling study where the structural parameters of the battery are modulated illustrates the unique design flexibility enabled by 3D holographic lithography and provides guidance for optimization for a given application.